Standard properties

7 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Fifteen studied dietary sources of calcium (n=810 calcium, n=723 controls),16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 and 51 studied calcium supplements (n=6547 calcium, n=5710 controls).7 12 13 14 15 17 19 20 21 22 26 28 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Table 1 ? shows study design and selected baseline characteristics for included studies of dietary calcium. Tables 2 and 3 show the study design and selected baseline characteristics for trials of calcium supplements, without and with additional vitamin D, respectively. ? ? Further details are in tables A-C in appendix 2. Of the 15 randomised controlled trials of dietary sources of calcium, 10 used milk or milk powder, two used dairy products, and three used hydroxyapatite preparations. Of the 51 trials of calcium supplements, 36 studied calcium monotherapy, 13 co-administered CaD, and two were multi-arm studies of both. Table 4 summarises other features of the trials ? . Most of them studied calcium without vitamin D in women aged <70 living in the community; the mean baseline dietary calcium intake was <800 mg/day; and most trials lasted ?2 years. A calcium dose of >500 mg/day was used in most trials, but a higher proportion of trials of calcium supplements used a dose of ?1000 mg/day. Table C in appendix 2 shows our assessment of risk of bias. Of the 15 trials of dietary sources of calcium, we assessed two as low risk of bias, six as moderate risk, and seven as high risk. Of the 51 trials of calcium supplements, we assessed 19 as low risk of bias, 12 as moderate risk, and 20 as high risk.

Type of randomised managed products and selected standard services out of qualified trials regarding calcium that also put vitamin D products

Top analyses

Table 5 ? summarises the outcome of meta-analyses. Broadening calcium consumption of slimming down present increased BMD by the 0.6-step one.0% in the full cool and you may overall muscles during the 1 year and you may by 0.7-1.8% at the the internet sites and the lumbar spine and you can femoral neck at 2 years (figs step one and 2 ? ? . There was zero impact on BMD at the forearm.

Fig step 1 Haphazard consequences meta-data regarding aftereffect of weight reduction sourced elements of calcium supplements for the commission changes from inside the bones nutrient occurrence (BMD) out of baseline on one year

Fig 2 Random outcomes meta-investigation out-of effectation of fat reduction resources of calcium supplements into the payment change inside bones nutrient thickness (BMD) regarding standard within couple of years

As soon as we limited the fresh new analyses on a dozen randomised regulated trials off whole milk or dairy food, because of the leaving out around three samples out-of hydroxyapatite, there is little improvement in the outcome. Calcium supplements improved BMD at all five skeletal sites of the 0.7-step one.4% at one year (figs step 3 and cuatro ? ? ), by 0.8-step one.5% within 24 months (figs 5 and 6 datingranking.net/cs/mixxxer-recenze ? ? ), and by 0.8-1.8% at the more two and a half decades (fig eight ? ) (range of duration of trials is less than six many years).